Cyberspace used by all the institutions and structures of the EU and EC (developing networks of common use and specialized networks), with a wide access for individual customers. All of this is governed by relatively few regulations. However, given that Community law (acquis communautaire) is a hierarchically organized system of rules, it should initially be assumed that regulations on cyberspace would become a part of this system, i.e. subsystem. The common interest requires that the network users know those regulations and that measures for the elimination of cybercrime have been taken. The purpose of this article is to analyze the laws in terms of their legitimacy with the intent of the legislature and the public needs for cyber bullying in Poland and the EU law. ; Sylwia ĆMIEL
The aim of the article is the analysis of the innovative activity in the balanced development of regions and organizations in Polandand the EU. A state is responsible for the level of innovativeness transferring finances for the research and development as well asimplementing proper financial and legal instruments stimulating innovative endeavours of enterprises according to the applied economypolitics. An enterprise is the basic objective of the innovative politics in Poland and the EU as well as implementing innovativenesswith the benefits for economy. Enterprises, especially the smaller and medium ones, try to cooperate within innovativenesswith the companies from the same branches, other branches in the country and abroad, with universities, B+R institutions, includinglaboratories, intermediary companies in a transfer, financing innovativeness, with scientific and technical parks, local authoritiesrepresentatives as well as other representatives of an innovative environment. Those include also advisor companies, organizers offairs, exhibitions, conferences, seminars and trainings. In Poland, the finances of innovativeness is done mainly by the companiesthemselves and the development of intermediary companies within transferring the EU's funds as well as the financial or credit onesthat are the suppliers of the capital, e.g. venture capital.KEYWORD: innovations, management, knowledge-based economy.
Abstract :In foreign jurisdictions, various models of responsibility for juvenile offenses are adopted. In many countries, like Poland, entirely separate regulations in this field are adopted (England and Wales, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Scotland, Switzerland, Sweden). In other countries like (Slovakia, Belarus, Estonia, Greece to 2003, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine), there are specific rules of responsibility of minors included in criminal codes and codes of criminal proceedings. Different solutions in this regard are partly due to the different traditions of legal systems, and partly due to various axiomatic justifications formulated in these matters. Review of legislation on minority in selected European countries: Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic shows that in terms of the approach to the problem of minority in all legal systems, specific interaction of children and young people who come into conflict with the criminal law are included, as well as those that show signs of corruption, making their proper personal and social development threatened. Adoption of selected concepts of minors legislation, however, does not mean more or less severe approach to the liability of minors. Both discussed issues the theoretical and practical ones, are the subject of the deliberations beneath, their structure includes: 1. Problems of minors in the European countries2. Minors in Polish criminal justice system3. Minors' responsibility in Slovakian criminal justice system4. Czech criminal justice system in relation to a minor Keywords: Polish criminal law, Slovakian criminal law, Czech Republic criminal law, proceedings in juvenile cases, resocialization.
The aim of the article is the analysis of the innovative activity in the balanced development of regions and organizations in Poland and the EU. A state is responsible for the level of innovativeness transferring finances for the research and development as well as implementing proper financial and legal instruments stimulating innovative endeavours of enterprises according to the applied economy politics. An enterprise is the basic objective of the innovative politics in Poland and the EU as well as implementing innovativeness with the benefits for economy. Enterprises, especially the smaller and medium ones, try to cooperate within innovativeness with the companies from the same branches, other branches in the country and abroad, with universities, B+R institutions, including laboratories, intermediary companies in a transfer, financing innovativeness, with scientific and technical parks, local authorities representatives as well as other representatives of an innovative environment. Those include also advisor companies, organizers of fairs, exhibitions, conferences, seminars and trainings. In Poland, the finances of innovativeness is done mainly by the companies themselves and the development of intermediary companies within transferring the EU's funds as well as the financial or credit ones that are the suppliers of the capital, e.g. venture capital. ; Sylwia ĆMIEL
Adolescence is the most complicated period during the human being life. At that time, the physiological, social and emotional processes of maturation occur. Shortly speaking, the entire human personality is being formed. Moreover, in that period a young person is prone to all kinds of influences, especially the peer group. To impress and win its recognition sometimes they intend to hurt other students physically and mentally - it is bullying. Experiencing this phenomenon in the school demonstrates the growing discomfort of the young generation. Analysis of the school reality allows looking closer at the connections existing between the crisis of adolescence and youth in this form of violence. In Western literature, this phenomenon is often associated with the term "disagio" psycho-physical condition closely related to the crisis of the adolescence period. Reasons of this state should be traced, for example in the deprivation of access to culture, socio-economic marginalization, and family and interpersonal problems. All of it makes it impossible or difficult to meet important needs for the individual that may determine the development of chronic disagio and deviant behavior, even in school.
